Physics Formula List

Force = Mass × Acceleration





Weight = Mass × Gravity



Moment = Force × Distance


 E_K = ½ mv²

E_p= mgh

Workdone = Force × Distance







Period = 1 ÷ frequency
Wave Speed = Frequency × wavelength
Charge = Electric current[I] × Time



Potential Difference [V] = IR



Power = IV
Energy = Power × Time




These are the formula, Please read up on the theory. :D

Physics Notes

Energy,Work and Power

Definition:

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

SI unit → joule [J]

Kinetic Energy[E_K*]
*K is a subscript. Like H₂O not H2O.

Kinetic Energy is the energy a body possess due to its motion

Any moving object has Kinetic Energy.

Formula → ½ mv² [1/2 × mass × velocity square]

Potential Energy[E_p*]
*P is a subscript. Like H₂O not H2O.

Potential Energy is the energy stored in an object due to is position, state or shape

Compressed Spring or a stretched bowstring has elastic potential energy

substances that can be burned have chemical potential energy.

Objects placed at a height is known as gravitational potential energy.

gravitational potential energy is the energy which a body possesses because of its position relative to the ground.

formula: mgh [mass×gravity{10 if it is on earth,otherwise stated}×height]

Principal Of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• must it can change its form.

Work

Work is done on an object when energy is transfered to that object.

Work done = Force × Distance

Power

• Power is the rate of work done
• Power = Work done ÷ time
• SI Unit for power is Watt[W]
• 1 Watt = 1 J/s

Keeping Healthcare cost affordable

Mean-testing

• Subsidies that are provided by the government would benefit patients who need them most
• Resources would be more fairly distributed if those who cannot afford to pay for healthcare get the most subsidies
• In the same way, those who are more well-to-do would benefit less from subsidies.
• This would ensure that healthcare cost does not become more expensive as it would ensure that limited resources are given to those who need it more.

Government Subsidies.

• In Singapore, Providing subsidies for government hospitals is one of the ways to keep healthcare affordable.
• When the government gives subsidies to hospital wards, patients need not pay the full amount for the healthcare treatment received
• This is especially so for patients who chooseto stay in clas C wads where subsidy is 80% of the hospital bill.
• People who cannot afffordto pay for extra facilities during their hospital stay can choose to be treated in Class "C" wards
• In this way healthcare is kept at a manageable level for lower income group

Promoting a healthy lifestyle

• Through health education, people are provided with the knowledge to make informed choices
• The national healthy lifestyle campaign was launched in 1992
• to encourage singaporeans to exercise regularly and select their food with care.
• Bad habits such as smoking and drinking are discouraged.
• Adults are encouraged to go for screening programmes for early detection of diseases.
• Since future medical cost will rise, it is necessary for every citizen to stay fit and healthy
• This would ensure that he/she will not need medical treatment anfd the person can save on medical expenses
• Hence, Healthcare costs can be kept affordable

Medifund

• As healthcare is a public good, No one should be in a situation where he is not given healthcare because he cannot afford it.
• In 1993, Medisave was set up
• $200 million were set aside for this fund.
• Interest earned from this fun will be given to public hospital to provide help for needy people.
• People who need this fund can apply it at the hospital.

Restructuring of hospital

• Restructing would mean the hospital would have more freedom to reorganise to meet the needs of Singaporeans.
• The Government would also be able to reduce the amount of subsidies to the hosipital

Healthcare

Measures Taken to Manage Heathcare

Individual

• The individuals cannot depend entirely on the government to pay for all healthcare expenses
• as resources are limited
• Individuals are encouraged to be responsible for their own health and try to practice self-reliance to pay for their future healthcare needs.
• Individuals must cooperate with the government and contribute regularly to their medisave to pay for their long-term healthcare needs.
• They are also encouraged to buy basic affordable insurance policies such as Medishield to provide for their future healthcare needs.
• All these will help to reduce the government's burden on Healthcare spending and keep healthcare at an affordable level.
• Individuals should also lead a healthy lifestyle and keep themselves in good health so that they will not need medical treatment and save on medical expenses

Community

• It is not possible for the government to run all healthcare services to meet the different need of Singaporeans.
• External organizations such as community hospital, nursing homes and day rehabilitation centers
• are needed to provide for healthcare services for certain group of patients
• which will not be feasible for government hospitals to provide
• With the participation of these external organisation to provide healthcare services to these certain group of Singaporeans,
• Healthcare services could be kept affordable for all.

Singapore Government

• Being the caretaker of the country, the government must know how to plan and allocate limited resources
• to take care of the different healthcare needs of all singaporeans
• and to ensure that the costs of healthcare remains affordable to all
• The Singapore government implements schemes to make basic healthcare affordable to all
• such as Medisave, which is a component of the Central Providend Fund [CPF] to help Singaporeans pay for their family members' and their hospitalization fees.
• Medishield, which is a low cost insurance scheme where members pay a small sum of money through their medisave
• Government Subsidies are also given to government hospital, polyclinics and some nursing homes for elderly
• to ensure basic healthcare are made available and affordable to all.
• Means Testing ensure that resources would be more fairly distributed
• so that Singaporeans who are less well off would get less subsidies
• Hospitals were restructured to reorganise and better meet the needs of Singaporeans.
• All these would help to ensure that healthcare services remain affordable to all.
• The Singapore government implements schemes for poor Singaporeans who needed help
• such as Medifund, which is a fund set by the Singapore government to provide assistance for
• Singaporeans who are too poor to provide to even afford the heavily subsidised charges at public hospitals and specialist outpatient clinics
• Class C ward are also built to provide healthcare services to the needy

Globalisation

As usual Click to enlarge.

Key Driving Forces

Transnational Corporations [TNCs]

-are large global firms that operate in a number of countries
-have productions or services facilities outside the country of their origin
-These worldwide corporations are coordinated and controlled by headquarters located in the country of origin.
-Example Microsoft Corporation and Toyota motor.
-As a result, the world becomes more interdependent and interconnected

Transportation

-Modern commercial jet aircraft ,large ocean going vessels, efficient and integrated transport infrastructure.
-Example Airport , Railroads and highways
-Increased the movement of goods and people from one place to another
-As a result, improvement in transportation technology has shrunk the world
-Considerably in terms of time taken to travel from a place to another
-This allowed people,goods and activities to become interconnected more easily which leads to globalization

Communications

-Improvement in technology has made communications among people in different locations faster and more convenient
-Example, People from across the globe can communicate easily by telephone, email, fax and video conferencing
-Satellite technology has enable message to be transmitted from one location and receive in another part of the world almost instantly
-As a result, communication among people in different locations becomes faster and more convenient.
-This allowed people, their ideas and their activities in different parts of the world to become more interconnected which leads to globalization


Impacts Of Globalization

Economic Impact


↑ competition among nations

Government are competing with TNCs to invest in their countries

countries offer tax incentives, tax rebates and duty free trade to attract the TNCs

More TNCs shifted to China from Singapore ,Taiwan and Korea

With Globalisation, People are able to move from country to country .

People who are highly skilled in are in high demand.

Globalisation has presented the workforce with the opportunity to find employment in another country.

TNCs are searching for lowering cost of production

China has become an attractive country for foreign investors

poses a strong challenge to other countries in the region

therefore, through economic impact of globalization, there is an increased competition among nations for TNCs

↑ in Standard of Living

With trade and foreign investment, it increases revenue.

with free trade, this also led to expansion of existing industries and establishment of new business

to meet the demand for goods and services

the population can enjoy better quality products and services

therefore higher standard of living.

With revenue earned, the government can spend on quality public goods

Free trade has also allowed consumers to purchase a variety of foreign goods beside local goods.

increase in lifestyle choices → better quality life

Therefore, through economic impact of globalization, the standard of living has improved

Widening income gap

DCs are experiencing rapid income growth

because they own most of the manufacturing activities

Many TNCs are from the DCs in North America and Western Europe

On the other hand, LDCs often face trade restrictions put up by DCs

They are not as capable of producing better quality good that fetch higher prices.

Globalization has not only resulted in rapid development in many countries

it has also contributed to the spread of poverty in many other countries

Therefore, through economic impact of globalization, it led to widening income gap between the rich and the poor.

Social Impact. [More , less local food]
Increased awareness of foreign culture

People are exposed and are more aware of different culture

this is made possible through traveling,surfing the Internet and watching foreign movie from the comforts of their homes.

As Singapore has many foreign workers, they also brought along their cultures here

This is made possible through globalization

Many countries are more opened and people are well-travelled

Therefore through social impact of globalization, it led to increased awareness of foreign culture

Increased awareness of foreign culture

Globalization has resulted in global brands such as Starbucks and McDonald

Dominating the consumer market in DCs

These corporations with their standardized methods of operations have outlets that are identical in appearance

In this way, these corporations have created a homogeneous culture across the world and eroded the local culture

Many people are uncomfortable about the advancement of foreign culture

The loss of local culture poses a serious problem to the country

culture eroded is difficult to re-create

Therefore, through social impact of globalization, the local culture will be lost.

Environmental Impact
I made a mistake in the mind map. Deforestation, Degradation and Global warming are all one point. sorry.Environmental Degradation

Rain forests in many countries have been cut down to make way for the development of industries, agriculture, housing and transportation.

Some governments allows trees to be cut down at a rapid rate as economic activities can generate revenue for the country

such as forestry, mining and cattle ranching.

The clearing of forest has resulted in many environmental problems

such as soil erosion, extinction of fauna , increasing in flooding as well as haze.

The haze arises out of the practice of clearing the forest through burning

it is done as it is the cheapest and fastest way to clear a forest

↑ in haze, ↓ in number of tourist, ↓ in revenue

Another Example is the Three Gorges Project in China.

Launched in 1994, to build a dam across Yangtze River to generate electricity and ensure flood control

With China's rapid industrial development, the dam will be an important source of energy for the country's growing electrical consumption.

However, The Project has created problems such as erosion,extinction of flora and fauna and water pollution

Environmental degradation poses a serious problem to the countries concerned as well as to the rest of the world.

Globalization has also worsened environmental problems such as global warming

Therefore through environmental impact of globalization, it led to environmental degradation

Environmental Management

Although Globalization has brought about an increase in environmental degradation,

it has also brought about an increased awareness of environmental management.

The amount of energy required by a globalizing world is enormous

We need to sustain supply of power through conservation

However conservation alone cannot meet the challenges of supplying the vast quantities of energy needed for development.

Alternative energy sources such as wind,solar and geothermal power can provide some of the energy needed.

Countries are aware that sustainable development is the key to further growth.

When resources are well preserved, future generations can continue to us to generate income.

Therefore through environmental impact of Globalization, it led to increase in awareness of environmental management.

Solutions
Managing resources efficiently


Developing people.

As people are Singapore's precious resource, they should have the right skills and mindset to thrive in the globalizing world

One way is to promote local entrepreneurship and technopreneurship

Giving recognition to outstanding local entrepreneurs who have struggled and succeeded is one way to inspire more entrepreneurs to achieve greater success.

As Singapore become more globalized, There is a need to keep Singaporeans employable

One way is through a programme offered by Workforce Development Agency[WDA]

This programme helps to equip the workforce with skills that enable workers to better adapt to new job demands and changing work environment

The Skill Development Fund[SDF] provides Financial Assistance to employers to encourage them to train and upgrade the skills of their workers.

Attracting foreign Talent

There is also a need to attract foreign talent to meet the manpower needs.

Foreign talent has the advantage of bring along overseas business contacts

Drawing foreign talent to Singapore will, therefore, help to create more business opportunities and jobs in Singapore.

It also adds diversity to the cultural landscape of Singapore and makes the country more cosmopolitan

Managing the environment
Manging limited land resource

In Singapore, land use planing is a challenge as not all land can be developed.

For example, land is needed for water catchment, waste disposal; and also to preserve nature site such as parks.

with careful land planning, high standard facilities for housing, transportation, recreation, commerce, defence and education can be built.

These facility will enable Singaporeans to enjoy a good quality of life and ensure that Singapore can sustain growth in a globalising world

Cooperation with regional and international organisation

• Singapore takes an active interest in helping to solve regional and international environmental problems.
• For example, Singapore has cooperated with ASEAN on environmental matters
• such as the haze that affected Singapore and much of the region since the late 1990s
• Singapore has helped Indonesia detect the forest fires and haze using satellites.
• At international level, Singapore has also worked with other countries to look into environmental problems that are global in nature.
• For example, Singapore is one of the countries that has signed an international agreement
• that restricts use of harmful ozone depleting substances in individual countries

Public eduction

• For Singapore's effort in environmental protection to be effective,
• people must adopt environment-friendly ways and be instilled with a sense of responsibility
• and personal interest to keep their surrounding clean.
• Therefore, the long-term solution is educating the public.

Venturing Aboard

• With limited and labour resources, Singapore has to look beyond its national boundary to achieve further growth
• This can be achieved through regionalization
• which means investing in nearby by countries
• that have abundant land,lower labour cost and new markets
• e.g. singtel has expanded into overseas markets
• with current investment in over 20 countries
• Venturing aboard helps to sustain Singapore's economic development
• it opens up new market and allows Singapore to overcome her physical limitations such as small land area.

Nurturing Growth of SMEs

• SMEs play an important role in Singapore's economy
• e.g  Polar cafe,an SME, has been in business for 80 years
• to ensure that SMEs can continue to contribute to the growth of Singapore's economy
• there are many schemes catering to the needs of SMEs
• e.g new companies are granted tax exemption on their first $100,000 income for up to 3 years.
• Nurturing growth of SMEs promotes Singapore's development
• because these local business will be able to generate employment for the country.

Expanding Market reach Through Economic Cooperation.

• Singapore has a small domestic market due to its small population
• There is a need to establish trade ties with countries around the world to
• help local companies sell their goods to a larger market
• e.g. Signing the Free-trade Agreement with other countries.
• This would help companies to save cost as taxes are removed
• Thus help them to sell good in more country, increasing the profit.
• Economic cooperation promotes friendly trade ties
• bring about sustained economic development as Singapore faces stronger economic competition.

Diversifying the economy

• Singapore aims to promote technology-intensive,higher valued-added manufacturing activities in the electronics, chemical engineering and engineering fields
• e.g A*Star was set up to build up Singapore's research and development capability
• Aims to attract TNCs to set up operation here.
• to attract companies to use Singapore as a base for their high value-added manufacturing activities
• Tourism has been identified as on of the services to be promoted
• e.g Integrated resorts built in Marina Bay and Sentosa
• Promoting manufacturing and service ensure that 
• Singapore's economy remains stable in the events of the downturn of one sector of the economy
• stable economy would ensure sustainable economic development